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România în 'Science & Engineering Indicators 2014'. I. Statistica Descriptivă a Indicatorilor şi Ratelor.
Alexandru Dan Corlan,
Revista de Politica Ştiinţei şi Scientometrie 4(2):110-123, 2015
ABSTRACT
Every two years, the National Science Foundation
publishes a comprehensive statistical report on scientific research,
innovation, science education and public perception of science, named
'Science and Engineering Indicators' (SEI). SEI is, naturally,
focused on characterising the USA, but for this purpose also includes
international comparisons. Romania is mentioned in some of these
comparisons, especially in the datasets attached to the SEI
report. We searched for the occurence of ‘Romania’ in the text and
data, extracted the indicators and statements we found and
reprocessed some of the data anexes that also included statistics
about our country. Romanian pupils perform around or just below
average in TIMSS mathematics and science tests in the fourth grade,
but this performance degrades compared to world average in the eighth
grade. About 13500 romanians study abroad. Yearly, an average of 120
romanians obtain a doctorate in the USA, particularly in mathematics
and physics. 4764 obtain their doctorate in Romania yearly, which per
capita is comparable with other EU countries. However, the number of
doctorate diplomas per nominal GDP is much higher than the EU
range. The number of academic articles per doctorate awarded is much
lower in Romania (0.34) than in most developed countries. The overall
number of research articles has increased in Romania with 5.8% per
year until 2011, an average rate among emerging countries. This
increase took place exclusively between 2006 and 2011. Only between 1
and 6 triadic patents were obtained from Romania, yearly, during the
last 15 years. In 2010, per million inhabitants, romanians received
0.16 triadic patents, compared to a world average of 7.32. Also,
Romania has the highest ratio of articles per triadic patent (515)
among the countries considered in SEI (3–471; world average
15.88). Article output from Romania is mostly in physics, chemistry
and mathematics, where, per capita and per GDP, it is higher than
world average. Biomedical and social science contributions are much
lower than world average, but experience high growth rates. Physics
and chemistry growth is lower than world average, but mathematics and
computer science, besides being well represented, also grow faster
than world average. “Knowledge and Technology Intensive” branches of
the economy have a much lower contribution to the GDP of Romania than
in the whole European Union—about half. However, in nominal terms,
between 1997 and 2012, computer programming services increased over
17 times, bussiness and health services over 10 times, education
services 9 times and telecomunications 6.70 times, while nominal GDP
increased only 4.88 times. High technology manufacturing grew 1.96
times over the same interval, barely above inflation (that was 43%)
and well below GDP growth. Thus, mathematics, computer science and
the corresponding computer programming services and
telecommunications appear as a strong, growing and promising fields
of both research and economy. The contrasting low overall performance
of secondary school pupils in mathematics, if not suitably addressed,
might influence future growth of this sector. Health, business and
education services, as well as biomedical and social sciences
research are emerging fields, starting from a low base, but growing
relatively fast. All manufacturing, as well as physics, chemistry and
engineering, are established fields but they are characterised by
slow growth. International (triadic) patents are very rare. The high
technology manufacturing sectors make the lowest contribution to the
GDP and their growth si very slow compared to GDP growth.
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